Because Jesuits took their orders from no local authority but only the popes and their own generals, they were viewed with suspicion as foreign agents.
Both were executed although there is no evidence either had committed treason, but had merely administered the Catholic rites to congregations which had been driven underground.
It had already been abolished in France and Spain. Clement refused to condemn the Society but merely noted he was making an administrative move for the peace of the church.
The effect of the suppression was hurtful for the Roman church, for it shut down much mission work and many schools. Some Jesuits were allowed to remain in existence. In the Society was restored. Become a Jesuit. Support Us. Support Our Work Menu. Jesuits Only. Conversations that Matter. Jesuit Conference of Canada and the U. The Jesuits, special agents of the pope, are better adapted to moving among people of influence.
Tensions between the groups partly cause the disaster which strikes the Christians of Japan , where the Jesuits convert the nobility but the friars devote themselves to the poor.
The Japanese, appalled at this dissent among Christians, persecute and ban the religion. In China a similar development occurs. The Jesuits, under the leadership of Matteo Ricci , integrate so well with the hierarchy that they allow their converts to engage in Confucian rituals - arguing that these are social rather than religious. The Franciscans and Dominicans disagree.
They take the issue to Rome, where it becomes known as the Rites Controversy. As in Japan, these signs of dissent among Christians disenchant the Chinese. In the early 18th century the Kangxi emperor, noting disagreements between the orders and even between Portuguese and French Jesuits, observes that 'this violates the principles of religion'.
Meanwhile even in Europe there is increasing criticism of the religious orders during the 18th century. All three orders lose prestige in the anti-clerical mood of the Enlightenment. But it is the Jesuits, with the highest profile, who attract the greatest hostility. Between and Portugal arrests all the Jesuits in its territories and ships them to the papal states.
In the Jesuit colleges in France are closed. In Jesuits are expelled from Spain and its colonies. For a few years Rome resists mounting pressure to abolish the Society of Jesus altogether, but eventually Clement XIV succumbs in In the very different mood at the end of the Napoleonic wars , Pius VII reinstates the order in Monks, nuns and friars in the modern world. The prestige of the religious orders suffers almost fatally from the anti-clerical spirit of the late 18th century culminating in the suppression of the Jesuits , and from violent hostility during the French Revolution.
Monasteries, even in Catholic countries, never again recover the economic power which they once enjoyed. And the preaching orders lose much of the influence acquired during the fervour of the Catholic Reformation. Nevertheless the 19th century sees a strong return to a more religious mood in society, and to a romantic rediscovery of the great Christian centuries of the Middle Ages when monasticism was at its peak.
The German chancellor had been threatening to invade the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia and, in the letter, his second to Hitler in as many days, When Hickok arrived and Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox.
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