In his final years he was one of the first artists to use female models for preparatory drawings—male pupils "garzoni" were normally used for studies of both sexes. Raphael made no prints himself, but entered into a collaboration with Marcantonio Raimondi to produce engravings to Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the reproductive print. His interest was unusual in such a major artist; from his contemporaries only Titian, who had worked much less successfully with Raimondi, shared it.
A total of about fifty prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created by Raphael purely to be turned into prints. Raphael made preparatory drawings, many of which survive, for Raimondi to translate into engraving. The most famous original prints to result from the collaboration were Lucretia, the Judgement of Paris and The Massacre of the Innocents of which two virtually identical versions were engraved ; prints of the paintings The Parnassus with considerable differences and Galatea were also especially well-known.
Outside Italy, reproductive prints by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was experienced until the twentieth century. Baviero Carocci, called "Il Baviera" by Vasari, an assistant or servant who Raphael evidently trusted with his money, ended up in control of most of the copper plates after Raphael's death, and had a successful career in the new occupation of a publisher of prints.
Raphael lived in the Borgo, in rather grand style in a palace designed by Bramante. He never married, but in became engaged to Maria Bibbiena, Cardinal Medici Bibbiena's niece; he seems to have been talked into this by his friend the Cardinal, and his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by the marriage not taking place before she died in He is said to have had many affairs, but a permanent fixture in his life in Rome was La Fornarina, Margherita Luti, the daughter of a baker fornaro named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived at Via del Governo Vecchio.
He was made a "Groom of the Chamber" of the Pope, which gave him status at court and an additional income. Vasari claims he had toyed with the ambition of becoming a Cardinal, perhaps after some encouragement from Leo, which also may account for his delaying his marriage.
According to Vasari, Raphael's premature death on Good Friday April 6, possibly his 37th birthday , was caused by a night of excessive sex with her, after which he fell into a fever and, not telling his doctors that this was its cause, was given the wrong cure, which killed him.
Whatever the cause, in his acute illness, which lasted fifteen days, Raphael was composed enough to receive the last rites, and to put his affairs in order.
He dictated his will, in which he left sufficient funds for his mistress's care, entrusted to his loyal servant Baviera, and left most of his studio contents to Giulio Romano and Penni.
At his request, Raphael was buried in the Pantheon. Vasari, in his biography of Raphael, says that Raphael was also born on a Good Friday, which in fell on March This would mean that while Raphael was born and died on Good Friday, he was actually older than 37 on the Good Friday which fell on April 6.
His funeral was extremely grand, attended by large crowds. The inscription in his marble sarcophagus, an elegiac distich written by Pietro Bembo, reads: "Ille hic est Raffael, timuit quo sospite vinci, rerum magna parens et moriente mori. Raphael was highly admired by his contemporaries, although his influence on artistic style in his own century was less than that of Michelangelo.
He was soon seen as the ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism: the opinion Those, like Dolce and Aretino, who held this view were usually the survivors of Renaissance Humanism, unable to follow Michelangelo as he moved on into Mannerism. Vasari himself, despite his hero remaining Michelangelo, came to see his influence as harmful in some ways, and added passages to the second edition of the Lives expressing similar views.
Raphael's compositions were always admired and studied, and became the cornerstone of the training of the Academies of art. His period of greatest influence was from the late 17th to late 19th centuries, when his perfect decorum and balance were greatly admired. He was seen as the best model for the history painting, regarded as the highest in the hierarchy of genres. Sir Joshua Reynolds in his Discourses praised his "simple, grave, and majestic dignity" and said he "stands in general foremost of the first [ie best] painters", especially for his frescoes in which he included the "Raphael Cartoons" , whereas "Michael Angelo claims the next attention.
He did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle, but those he had were of the highest kind Nobody excelled him in that judgment, with which he united to his own observations on nature the energy of Michael Angelo, and the beauty and simplicity of the antique.
To the question, therefore, which ought to hold the first rank, Raffaelle or Michael Angelo, it must be answered, that if it is to be given to him who possessed a greater combination of the higher qualities of the art than any other man, there is no doubt but Raffaelle is the first.
But if, according to Longinus, the sublime, being the highest excellence that human composition can attain to, abundantly compensates the absence of every other beauty, and atones for all other deficiencies, then Michael Angelo demands the preference.
Reynolds was less enthusiastic about Raphael's panel paintings, but the slight sentimentality of these made them enormously popular in the 19th century:"We have been familiar with them from childhood onwards, through a far greater mass of reproductions than any other artist in the world has ever had In 19th century England the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood explicitly reacted against his influence and that of his admirers such as "Sir Sploshua" , seeking to return to styles before what they saw as his baneful influence.
According to John Ruskin:. The doom of the arts of Europe went forth from that chamber [the Stanza della Segnatura], and it was brought about in great part by the very excellencies of the man who had thus marked the commencement of decline. The perfection of execution and the beauty of feature which were attained in his works, and in those of his great contemporaries, rendered finish of execution and beauty of form the chief objects of all artists; and thenceforward execution was looked for rather than thought, and beauty rather than veracity.
And as I told you, these are the two secondary causes of the decline of art; the first being the loss of moral purpose.
Pray note them clearly. He was still seen by 20th century critics like Bernard Berenson as the "most famous and most loved" master of the High Renaissance, but it would seem he has since been overtaken by Michelangelo and Leonardo in this respect. From wikipedia. Report error on this page. The School of Athens from the Stanza della Segnatura Order a Hand-Painted Reproduction of this Painting. Biography of Raphael. He is known as one of the three great masters of the Renaissance era, with the other masters being Michelangelo as well as Leonardo da Vinci.
It was by these men, his fellow rivals or contemporaries, that Raphael was next influenced. After he left his apprenticeship with Perugino in , he moved to Florence, where he saw the works of Bartolommeo, Da Vinci and Michelangelo, and discovered the new level of depth and composition that they applied to their works.
By closely studying the details of his contemporaries, Raphael managed to develop an even more intricate and expressive personal style than was evident in his earlier paintings. Despite being one of his greatest achievements and considered one of his strongest pieces from his florentine phase, Raphael was unable to finish the painting before he left for Rome.
It was later finished by Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio. That same year, Raphael created his most ambitious work in Florence, the Entombment , which was evocative of the ideas that Michelangelo had recently expressed in his Battle of Cascina. Raphael has an array of masterpieces famous throughout the world. As art historian Neal Ascherson commented, "19 th century ideas of European civilization imagined art as an evolutionary process which would culminate in perfection, Raphael seemed to embody perfection.
In direct opposition of this perfection, the famous art historian John Ruskin would champion a different approach in the 19 th century, giving birth to the rejection of the Renaissance ideals of human grandeur and its importance as part of an artist's education. As Ruskin explained, "execution was looked for rather than thought, and beauty rather than veracity. The founding members of the society, William Holman Hunt , John Everett Millais , and Dante Gabriel Rossetti believed that the only way to find a new direction in art was to go back to medieval and Early Renaissance art which preceded the painterly techniques and artistic interpretation epitomized by Raphael and the art of the High Renaissance.
Despite the direction modern art eventually took, Raphael continues to be revered for taking the practice of painting to the pinnacle of technical achievement, which subsequent generations would use as the ideal to aspire to.
Raphael has remained consistently fixed in our imagination since the early 16 th century, despite the increasing historical distance that conspires to numb our understanding of the Renaissance world. Content compiled and written by Zaid S Sethi.
Edited and revised, with Summary and Accomplishments added by Kimberly Nichols. The Art Story. High Renaissance. Overview and Artworks.
Important Art by Raphael. Overview and Artworks Biography. Leonardo da Vinci. Summary Concepts Artworks. Northern Renaissance. Cite article. Correct article. Updated and modified regularly [Accessed ] Copy to clipboard.
Related Movements. After architect Donato Bramante died in , the pope hired Raphael as his chief architect. It also extended to designing palaces. Such details would come to define the architectural style of the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods.
He had been working on his largest painting on canvas, The Transfiguration commissioned in , at the time of his death. When his funeral mass was held at the Vatican, Raphael's unfinished Transfiguration was placed on his coffin stand. Celebrated for the balanced and harmonious compositions of his "Madonnas," portraits, frescoes and architecture, Raphael continues to be widely regarded as the leading artistic figure of Italian High Renaissance classicism.
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